@ -11867,7 +11867,7 @@ Maybe it will lock on a different mutex and not return in a reasonable time, cau
##### Example
A common example of the "calling unknown code" problem is a call to a function that tries to gain locked access to the same object.
Such problem cal often be solved by using a `recursive_mutex` . For example:
Such problem can often be solved by using a `recursive_mutex` . For example:
recursive_mutex my_mutex;
@ -12138,7 +12138,7 @@ Defining "small amount" precisely is impossible.
}
The call of `modify1` involves copying two `string` values; the call of `modify2` does not.
On the other hand, the implementation of `modify1` is exactly as we would have written in for single-threaded code,
On the other hand, the implementation of `modify1` is exactly as we would have written it for single-threaded code,
whereas the implementation of `modify2` will need some form of locking to avoid data races.
If the string is short (say 10 characters), the call of `modify1` can be surprisingly fast;
essentially all the cost is in the `thread` switch. If the string is long (say 1,000,000 characters), copying it twice
@ -12405,7 +12405,7 @@ It should be obvious to a reader that the data is to be guarded and how.
## < a name = "SScp-par" > < / a > CP.par: Parallelism
By "parallelism" we refer to a performing a task (more or less) simultaneously ("in parallel with") on many data items.
By "parallelism" we refer to performing a task (more or less) simultaneously ("in parallel with") on many data items.
Parallelism rule summary:
@ -12418,7 +12418,7 @@ Parallelism rule summary:
## < a name = "SScp-mess" > < / a > CP.mess: Message passing
The standard-library facilities are quite low level, focused on the needs of close-to the hardware critical programming using `thread` s, `mutex` ex , `atomic` types, etc.
The standard-library facilities are quite low level, focused on the needs of close-to the hardware critical programming using `thread` s, `mutex` es , `atomic` types, etc.
Most people shouldn't work at this level: it's error-prone and development is slow.
If possible, use a higher level facility: messaging libraries, parallel algorithms, and vectorization.
This section looks at passing messages so that a programmer doesn't have to do explicit synchronization.
@ -12856,7 +12856,7 @@ Not all member functions can be called.
// if elem != nullptr then elem points to sz doubles
public:
Vector() : elem{nullptr}, sz{0}{}
v ector(int s) : elem{new double}, sz{s} { /* initialize elements */ }
V ector(int s) : elem{new double}, sz{s} { /* initialize elements */ }
~Vector() { delete elem; }
double& operator[](int s) { return elem[s]; }
// ...
@ -13537,7 +13537,7 @@ A not uncommon technique is to gather cleanup at the end of the function to avoi
Gadget g1 = make_gadget(17);
if (!g1.valid()) {
err = g2 _error;
err = g1 _error;
goto exit;
}
@ -13555,7 +13555,7 @@ A not uncommon technique is to gather cleanup at the end of the function to avoi
exit:
if (g1.valid()) cleanup(g1);
if (g1 .valid()) cleanup(g2);
if (g2 .valid()) cleanup(g2);
return {res, err};
}